1. Memory Layout
1. C언어의 장점
OS를 다루는 Low-level 프로그래밍에 좋음
- c와 ARM/X86/RISC -V 명령어 매핑이 쉽다(inline)
- C types와 하드웨어 데이터 구조와 연동이 좋다.
- 디바이스 드라이버 개발 시, 하드웨어 레지스터를 위한 비트 플래그 설정이 쉽다
Rutime 시간이 최소화 됨
2. ELF(Executable and Linkable Format)
리눅스 실행 파일 포맷
- text: code
- .rodata: read-only data
- .data: global C변수
3. 프로세스 메모리 레이아웃
- text: code, read-only data
- data: global C변수
- stack: function's local 변수
- heap: 동적 메모리 할당 malloc/free
4. C 프로그래밍 메모리 레이아웃
5. ELF 분석 도구(Binutils)
1. readelf -a copy
- 실행 파일(elf) 분석 도구
- glicb 는 C library
- text(code), initialized data, symbol table, debug info ..
2. objdump -S copy
- 기계어로 번역
3. nm copy
- 심볼 출력
2. Makefie
대규모 프로그램 관리하는 툴
- 예) 다른 툴들 maven, npm, yarn
아래 처럼 빌드하는 방법은? makefile
- gcc -o myprogram file1.c file2.c file3.c
1. make
make?
- 소스코드로 부터 실행 파일 또는 라이브러리를 생성하는 유틸리티
makefile?
- make 명령어가 사용하는 스크립트 파일
- 어떻게 컴파일 하는지
- 어떤 파일을 컴파일 하는지
2. Makefile 규칙
target: source 1 source2 ... source N
command
command예시
기본
myprogram: file1.c file2.c file3.c gcc -o myprogram file1.c file2.c file3.c의존성
program: foo.o bar.o gcc -o program foo.o bar.o foo.o: foo.c gcc -c foo.c bar.o: bar.c gcc -c bar.c변수화
OBJFILES = file1.o file2.o file3.o PROGRAM = myprog $(PROGRAM): $(OBJFILES) gcc -o $(PROGRAM) $(OBJFILES) clean: rm $(OBJFILES) $(PROGRAM)
3. make 실행
- make target
- make -f <makefilename>
- make -f <makefilename> target
3. strace
- 시스템 콜 트레이스
- 프로그램이 실행되는 동안 호출하는 시스템콜을 추적
사용법
strace <프로그램 명>
4. 실습
1. strace
strace ./copy seek_io seek_io_copy1. 실행 결과
w10sim@systemProgramming:~/sysProgramming/tlpi-dist/fileio$ strace ./copy seek_io seek_io_copy
execve("./copy", ["./copy", "seek_io", "seek_io_copy"], 0xffffc5766c80 /* 33 vars */) = 0
brk(NULL) = 0xaaaaee9b4000
faccessat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=28896, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 28896, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xffffa3a2c000
close(3) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\267\0\1\0\0\0`\17\2\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1450832, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xffffa3a2a000
mmap(NULL, 1519552, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0xffffa3892000
mprotect(0xffffa39ed000, 61440, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0xffffa39fc000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x15a000) = 0xffffa39fc000
mmap(0xffffa3a02000, 12224, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xffffa3a02000
close(3) = 0
mprotect(0xffffa39fc000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0xaaaae57a8000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0xffffa3a36000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0xffffa3a2c000, 28896) = 0
openat(AT_FDCWD, "seek_io", O_RDONLY) = 3
openat(AT_FDCWD, "seek_io_copy", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666) = 4
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\267\0\1\0\0\0\360\32\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\267\0\1\0\0\0\360\32\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\314\0\0\0\22\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\314\0\0\0\22\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\20\0\0\0 \0\0\0\227\221\226\6\0\0\3\0\24\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\0\1\0\1\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\20\0\0\0 \0\0\0\227\221\226\6\0\0\3\0\24\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\0\1\0\1\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\3\4\0\0\0\0\0\0\370-\0\0\0\0\0\0(A\1\0\0\0\0\0\3\4\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\3\4\0\0\0\0\0\0\370-\0\0\0\0\0\0(A\1\0\0\0\0\0\3\4\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "xB\1\0\0\0\0\0\3\4\0\0\0\0\0\0\200/\0\0\0\0\0\0\200B\1\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "xB\1\0\0\0\0\0\3\4\0\0\0\0\0\0\200/\0\0\0\0\0\0\200B\1\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\3001\0\0\0\0\0\0\320C\1\0\0\0\0\0\3\4\0\0\0\0\0\0\3101\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\3001\0\0\0\0\0\0\320C\1\0\0\0\0\0\3\4\0\0\0\0\0\0\3101\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\2\4\0\0\34\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0h?\1\0\0\0\0\0\2\4\0\0\35\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\2\4\0\0\34\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0h?\1\0\0\0\0\0\2\4\0\0\35\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\375\3\0\221\363\v\0\371\340/\0\271\341\23\0\371\340/@\271\37\10\0qM\1\0T\340\23@\371"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\375\3\0\221\363\v\0\371\340/\0\271\341\23\0\371\340/@\271\37\10\0qM\1\0T\340\23@\371"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0@3\221\275\0\0\224\0\0\200RM\376\377\227\375{\275\251\375\3\0\221\340\37\0\271\0\0\0\260"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0@3\221\275\0\0\224\0\0\200RM\376\377\227\375{\275\251\375\3\0\221\340\37\0\271\0\0\0\260"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\3467\200=\347;\200=\200\0\0\260\0\360G\371\1\0@\371\3417\0\371\1\0\200\322\340\303\4\221"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\3467\200=\347;\200=\200\0\0\260\0\360G\371\1\0@\371\3417\0\371\1\0\200\322\340\303\4\221"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\200\0\0\260\0\344G\371\0\0@\371\225\374\377\227 \0\200RK\374\377\227\375{\275\251\375\3\0\221"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\200\0\0\260\0\344G\371\0\0@\371\225\374\377\227 \0\200RK\374\377\227\375{\275\251\375\3\0\221"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "h>|R<length>|w<string>|s<offset>"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "h>|R<length>|w<string>|s<offset>"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "EDESTADDRREQ\0\0\0\0EMSGSIZE\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "EDESTADDRREQ\0\0\0\0EMSGSIZE\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\354\0\0\0\30\350\377\377\20\1\0\0\34\350\377\377(\1\0\0000\354\377\377H\1\0\0\210\354\377\377"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\354\0\0\0\30\350\377\377\20\1\0\0\34\350\377\377(\1\0\0000\354\377\377H\1\0\0\210\354\377\377"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\10@\1\0\0\0\0\0\330,\0\0\0\0\0\0\340,\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\10@\1\0\0\0\0\0\330,\0\0\0\0\0\0\340,\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0302\0\0\0\0\0\0 2\0\0\0\0\0\00002\0\0\0\0\0\0@2\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0302\0\0\0\0\0\0 2\0\0\0\0\0\00002\0\0\0\0\0\0@2\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0\16!\2\0\0\6\10\6\3\0\0\17\221\0\0\0!\3\0\0\20B\0\0\0\23\0\21M\2\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0\16!\2\0\0\6\10\6\3\0\0\17\221\0\0\0!\3\0\0\20B\0\0\0\23\0\21M\2\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\2\1\0\0\fY\3\0\0\5+\16\rz\1\0\0\10\10\235\2\0\0\10\10\2\1\0\0\16\334\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\2\1\0\0\fY\3\0\0\5+\16\rz\1\0\0\10\10\235\2\0\0\10\10\2\1\0\0\16\334\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\1\32\v\326\0\0\0\2\221x\0\0\177\4\0\0\4\0\372\2\0\0\10\1S\2\0\0\f\311\4\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\1\32\v\326\0\0\0\2\221x\0\0\177\4\0\0\4\0\372\2\0\0\10\1S\2\0\0\f\311\4\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "2C\313\2\0\0\2\221@\23res\0\0014\nl\0\0\0\2\221p\25\237\4\0\0\0015\v"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "2C\313\2\0\0\2\221@\23res\0\0014\nl\0\0\0\2\221p\25\237\4\0\0\0015\v"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\v;\v9\v\0\0\v\23\0\3\16<\31\0\0\f\1\1I\23\1\23\0\0\r!\0I\23/\v"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\v;\v9\v\0\0\v\23\0\3\16<\31\0\0\f\1\1I\23\1\23\0\0\r!\0I\23/\v"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0\0\0stdarg.h\0\1\0\0types.h\0\2\0\0stddef"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0\0\0stdarg.h\0\1\0\0types.h\0\2\0\0stddef"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "ers\0_IO_read_end\0_ISdigit\0_freer"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "ers\0_IO_read_end\0_ISdigit\0_freer"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0fatal\0endptr\0getInt\0getNum\0gnFa"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0fatal\0endptr\0getInt\0getNum\0gnFa"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "H\0\0\0\0\0\v\0\334\30\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0H\0\0\0\0\0\16\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "H\0\0\0\0\0\v\0\334\30\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0H\0\0\0\0\0\16\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\371\1\0\0\0\0\22\0\220<\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\371\1\0\0\0\0\22\0\220<\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\300#\0\0\0\0\0\0\310\0\0\0\0\0\0\0a\4\0\0\22\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\300#\0\0\0\0\0\0\310\0\0\0\0\0\0\0a\4\0\0\22\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "-init.oS\0__FRAME_END__\0__init_ar"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "-init.oS\0__FRAME_END__\0__init_ar"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "BI-tag\0.gnu.hash\0.dynsym\0.dynstr"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "BI-tag\0.gnu.hash\0.dynsym\0.dynstr"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "\211\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\360\30\0\0\0\0\0\0\360\30\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
write(4, "\211\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\6\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\360\30\0\0\0\0\0\0\360\30\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "#\1\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\321X\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1024) = 320
write(4, "#\1\0\0\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\321X\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 320) = 320
read(3, "", 1024) = 0
close(3) = 0
close(4) = 0
exit_group(0) = ?
+++ exited with 0 +++2. TLPI Makefile 분석
1. Makefile.inc
1. 코드
# Makefile.inc - common definitions used by all makefiles
TLPI_DIR = ..
TLPI_LIB = ${TLPI_DIR}/libtlpi.a
TLPI_INCL_DIR = ${TLPI_DIR}/lib
LINUX_LIBRT = -lrt
LINUX_LIBDL = -ldl
LINUX_LIBACL = -lacl
LINUX_LIBCRYPT = -lcrypt
LINUX_LIBCAP = -lcap
# "-Wextra" is a more descriptive synonym for "-W", but only
# available in more recent gcc versions
# Defining _DEFAULT_SOURCE is a workaround to avoid the warnings that
# would otherwise be produced when compiling code that defines _BSD_SOURCE
# or _SVID_SOURCE against glibc headers in version 2.20 and later.
# (The alternative would be to replace each instance of "#define _SVID_SOURCE"
# or "#define _BSD_SOURCE" in the example programs with
# "#define _DEFAULT_SOURCE".)
IMPL_CFLAGS = -std=c99 -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=600 \
-D_DEFAULT_SOURCE \
-g -I${TLPI_INCL_DIR} \
-pedantic \
-Wall \
-W \
-Wmissing-prototypes \
-Wno-sign-compare \
-Wimplicit-fallthrough \
-Wno-unused-parameter
# clang(1) is a little more zealous than gcc(1) with respect to some warnings.
# Suppress those warnings (which, at least in the book code, relate to code
# that is fine).
ifeq ($(CC),clang)
IMPL_CFLAGS += -Wno-uninitialized -Wno-infinite-recursion \
-Wno-format-pedantic
endif
CFLAGS = ${IMPL_CFLAGS}
IMPL_THREAD_FLAGS = -pthread
IMPL_LDLIBS = ${TLPI_LIB}
LDLIBS =
RM = rm -f2. 분석
여러 가지 Makefile들을 만들 때 공통적으로 사용되는 옵션이나 명령어들에 대한 매크로를 저장해 둔 것을 볼 수 있다.
2. 최상위 Makefile
1. 코드
# Makefile to build all programs in all subdirectories
#
# DIRS is a list of all subdirectories containing makefiles
# (The library directory is first so that the library gets built first)
#
DIRS = lib \
acl altio \
cap cgroups \
daemons dirs_links \
filebuff fileio filelock files filesys getopt \
inotify \
loginacct \
memalloc \
mmap \
pgsjc pipes pmsg \
proc proccred procexec procpri procres \
progconc \
psem pshm pty \
shlibs \
signals sockets \
svipc svmsg svsem svshm \
sysinfo \
syslim \
threads time timers tty \
users_groups \
vdso \
vmem \
xattr
# The "namespaces" and "seccomp" directories are deliberately excluded from
# the above list because much of the code in those directories requires a
# relatively recent kernel and userspace to build. Nevertheless, each of
# those directories contains a Makefile.
BUILD_DIRS = ${DIRS}
# Dummy targets for building and clobbering everything in all subdirectories
all:
@ echo ${BUILD_DIRS}
@ for dir in ${BUILD_DIRS}; do (cd $${dir}; ${MAKE}) ; \
if test $$? -ne 0; then break; fi; done
allgen:
@ for dir in ${BUILD_DIRS}; do (cd $${dir}; ${MAKE} allgen) ; done
clean:
@ for dir in ${BUILD_DIRS}; do (cd $${dir}; ${MAKE} clean) ; done2. 분석
TLPI 하위 폴더들에 대한 각각의 makefile을 실행해주는 것을 알 수 있다.
3. fileio/Makefile
1. 코드
include ../Makefile.inc
GEN_EXE = atomic_append bad_exclusive_open copy \
multi_descriptors seek_io t_readv t_truncate
LINUX_EXE = large_file
EXE = ${GEN_EXE} ${LINUX_EXE}
all : ${EXE}
allgen : ${GEN_EXE}
clean :
${RM} ${EXE} *.o
showall :
@ echo ${EXE}
${EXE} : ${TLPI_LIB} # True as a rough approximation2. 분석
- GEN_EXE : 최종적으로 나올 실행파일들 이름
- LINUX_EXE : libtlpi.a를 위한 실행파일
3. ELF 분석 실습
1. readelf
readelf -a copy분석결과
readelf -a copy
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF64
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: DYN (Shared object file)
Machine: AArch64
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x1860
Start of program headers: 64 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 27928 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 64 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 56 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 9
Size of section headers: 64 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 33
Section header string table index: 32
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Address Offset
Size EntSize Flags Link Info Align
[ 0] NULL 0000000000000000 00000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0 0 0
[ 1] .interp PROGBITS 0000000000000238 00000238
000000000000001b 0000000000000000 A 0 0 1
[ 2] .note.gnu.build-i NOTE 0000000000000254 00000254
0000000000000024 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[ 3] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 0000000000000278 00000278
0000000000000020 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[ 4] .gnu.hash GNU_HASH 0000000000000298 00000298
000000000000001c 0000000000000000 A 5 0 8
[ 5] .dynsym DYNSYM 00000000000002b8 000002b8
00000000000002b8 0000000000000018 A 6 3 8
[ 6] .dynstr STRTAB 0000000000000570 00000570
000000000000012e 0000000000000000 A 0 0 1
[ 7] .gnu.version VERSYM 000000000000069e 0000069e
000000000000003a 0000000000000002 A 5 0 2
[ 8] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 00000000000006d8 000006d8
0000000000000040 0000000000000000 A 6 2 8
[ 9] .rela.dyn RELA 0000000000000718 00000718
0000000000000dc8 0000000000000018 A 5 0 8
[10] .rela.plt RELA 00000000000014e0 000014e0
00000000000001f8 0000000000000018 AI 5 21 8
[11] .init PROGBITS 00000000000016d8 000016d8
0000000000000014 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 4
[12] .plt PROGBITS 00000000000016f0 000016f0
0000000000000170 0000000000000010 AX 0 0 16
[13] .text PROGBITS 0000000000001860 00001860
0000000000000b4c 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 8
[14] .fini PROGBITS 00000000000023ac 000023ac
0000000000000010 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 4
[15] .rodata PROGBITS 00000000000023c0 000023c0
00000000000006b3 0000000000000000 A 0 0 8
[16] .eh_frame_hdr PROGBITS 0000000000002a74 00002a74
000000000000008c 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[17] .eh_frame PROGBITS 0000000000002b00 00002b00
00000000000001ec 0000000000000000 A 0 0 8
[18] .init_array INIT_ARRAY 0000000000013cd8 00003cd8
0000000000000008 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[19] .fini_array FINI_ARRAY 0000000000013ce0 00003ce0
0000000000000008 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[20] .dynamic DYNAMIC 0000000000013ce8 00003ce8
0000000000000200 0000000000000010 WA 6 0 8
[21] .got PROGBITS 0000000000013ee8 00003ee8
0000000000000118 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[22] .data PROGBITS 0000000000014000 00004000
0000000000000440 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 8
[23] .bss NOBITS 0000000000014440 00004440
0000000000000008 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 1
[24] .comment PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00004440
000000000000002b 0000000000000001 MS 0 0 1
[25] .debug_aranges PROGBITS 0000000000000000 0000446b
0000000000000060 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[26] .debug_info PROGBITS 0000000000000000 000044cb
0000000000000ab1 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[27] .debug_abbrev PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00004f7c
00000000000002e5 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[28] .debug_line PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00005261
00000000000003e9 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[29] .debug_str PROGBITS 0000000000000000 0000564a
0000000000000452 0000000000000001 MS 0 0 1
[30] .symtab SYMTAB 0000000000000000 00005aa0
0000000000000c60 0000000000000018 31 82 8
[31] .strtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 00006700
00000000000004d7 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[32] .shstrtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 00006bd7
000000000000013a 0000000000000000 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info),
L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS),
C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude),
p (processor specific)
There are no section groups in this file.
Program Headers:
Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr
FileSiz MemSiz Flags Align
PHDR 0x0000000000000040 0x0000000000000040 0x0000000000000040
0x00000000000001f8 0x00000000000001f8 R 0x8
INTERP 0x0000000000000238 0x0000000000000238 0x0000000000000238
0x000000000000001b 0x000000000000001b R 0x1
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux-aarch64.so.1]
LOAD 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x0000000000002cec 0x0000000000002cec R E 0x10000
LOAD 0x0000000000003cd8 0x0000000000013cd8 0x0000000000013cd8
0x0000000000000768 0x0000000000000770 RW 0x10000
DYNAMIC 0x0000000000003ce8 0x0000000000013ce8 0x0000000000013ce8
0x0000000000000200 0x0000000000000200 RW 0x8
NOTE 0x0000000000000254 0x0000000000000254 0x0000000000000254
0x0000000000000044 0x0000000000000044 R 0x4
GNU_EH_FRAME 0x0000000000002a74 0x0000000000002a74 0x0000000000002a74
0x000000000000008c 0x000000000000008c R 0x4
GNU_STACK 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 RW 0x10
GNU_RELRO 0x0000000000003cd8 0x0000000000013cd8 0x0000000000013cd8
0x0000000000000328 0x0000000000000328 R 0x1
Section to Segment mapping:
Segment Sections...
00
01 .interp
02 .interp .note.gnu.build-id .note.ABI-tag .gnu.hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rela.dyn .rela.plt .init .plt .text .fini .rodata .eh_frame_hdr .eh_frame
03 .init_array .fini_array .dynamic .got .data .bss
04 .dynamic
05 .note.gnu.build-id .note.ABI-tag
06 .eh_frame_hdr
07
08 .init_array .fini_array .dynamic .got
Dynamic section at offset 0x3ce8 contains 28 entries:
Tag Type Name/Value
0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so.6]
0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [ld-linux-aarch64.so.1]
0x000000000000000c (INIT) 0x16d8
0x000000000000000d (FINI) 0x23ac
0x0000000000000019 (INIT_ARRAY) 0x13cd8
0x000000000000001b (INIT_ARRAYSZ) 8 (bytes)
0x000000000000001a (FINI_ARRAY) 0x13ce0
0x000000000000001c (FINI_ARRAYSZ) 8 (bytes)
0x000000006ffffef5 (GNU_HASH) 0x298
0x0000000000000005 (STRTAB) 0x570
0x0000000000000006 (SYMTAB) 0x2b8
0x000000000000000a (STRSZ) 302 (bytes)
0x000000000000000b (SYMENT) 24 (bytes)
0x0000000000000015 (DEBUG) 0x0
0x0000000000000003 (PLTGOT) 0x13ee8
0x0000000000000002 (PLTRELSZ) 504 (bytes)
0x0000000000000014 (PLTREL) RELA
0x0000000000000017 (JMPREL) 0x14e0
0x0000000000000007 (RELA) 0x718
0x0000000000000008 (RELASZ) 3528 (bytes)
0x0000000000000009 (RELAENT) 24 (bytes)
0x000000000000001e (FLAGS) BIND_NOW
0x000000006ffffffb (FLAGS_1) Flags: NOW PIE
0x000000006ffffffe (VERNEED) 0x6d8
0x000000006fffffff (VERNEEDNUM) 2
0x000000006ffffff0 (VERSYM) 0x69e
0x000000006ffffff9 (RELACOUNT) 140
0x0000000000000000 (NULL) 0x0
Relocation section '.rela.dyn' at offset 0x718 contains 147 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
000000013cd8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 1968
000000013ce0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 1920
000000013fb0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 23a8
000000013fe8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2328
000000013ff0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 196c
000000014008 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 14008
000000014010 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2458
000000014018 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2460
000000014020 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2468
000000014028 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2470
000000014030 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2478
000000014038 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2480
000000014040 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2488
000000014048 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2490
000000014050 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2498
000000014058 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24a0
000000014060 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24a8
000000014068 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24b0
000000014070 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24c8
000000014078 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24d0
000000014080 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24d8
000000014088 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24e0
000000014090 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24e8
000000014098 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24f0
0000000140a0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 24f8
0000000140a8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2500
0000000140b0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2508
0000000140b8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2510
0000000140c0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2518
0000000140c8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2520
0000000140d0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2528
0000000140d8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2530
0000000140e0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2538
0000000140e8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2540
0000000140f0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2548
0000000140f8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2550
000000014100 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2558
000000014108 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2560
000000014110 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2568
000000014118 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2570
000000014120 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2578
000000014128 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2580
000000014130 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2598
000000014138 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25a8
000000014140 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25b0
000000014148 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25b8
000000014150 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25c8
000000014158 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2458
000000014160 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25d0
000000014168 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25d8
000000014170 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25e0
000000014178 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25e8
000000014180 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 25f8
000000014188 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2600
000000014190 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2608
000000014198 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2610
0000000141a0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2618
0000000141a8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2620
0000000141b0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2628
0000000141b8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2630
0000000141c0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2638
0000000141c8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2640
0000000141d0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2648
0000000141d8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2650
0000000141e0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2458
0000000141e8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2658
0000000141f0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2660
0000000141f8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2668
000000014200 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2670
000000014208 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2678
000000014210 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2680
000000014218 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2688
000000014220 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2690
000000014228 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2698
000000014230 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 26a0
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000000014250 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 26c0
000000014258 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 26d0
000000014260 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 26d8
000000014268 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 26e0
000000014270 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 26f0
000000014278 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2700
000000014280 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2708
000000014288 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2710
000000014290 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2718
000000014298 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2720
0000000142a0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2728
0000000142a8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2730
0000000142b0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2740
0000000142b8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2748
0000000142c0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2758
0000000142c8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2768
0000000142d0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2770
0000000142d8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2780
0000000142e0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2790
0000000142e8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 27a0
0000000142f0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 27b0
0000000142f8 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 27c0
000000014300 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 27d0
000000014308 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 27e0
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000000014318 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2808
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000000014328 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2828
000000014330 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2838
000000014338 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2848
000000014340 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2858
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0000000143d0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2948
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0000000143e0 000000000403 R_AARCH64_RELATIV 2960
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000000013fb8 000600000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 _ITM_deregisterTMClone + 0
000000013fc0 000700000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 __cxa_finalize@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000013fc8 000800000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 stderr@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000013fd0 000c00000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 stdout@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000013fd8 001000000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 __gmon_start__ + 0
000000013fe0 001100000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 __stack_chk_guard@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000013ff8 001900000401 R_AARCH64_GLOB_DA 0000000000000000 _ITM_registerTMCloneTa + 0
Relocation section '.rela.plt' at offset 0x14e0 contains 21 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
000000013f00 000300000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 _exit@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000013f08 000400000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fputs@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
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000000013f28 000a00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 open@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
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000000013f50 001000000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __gmon_start__ + 0
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000000013f60 001300000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 abort@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
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000000013f78 001600000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fflush@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
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000000013f98 001b00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 __errno_location@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000013fa0 001c00000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 getenv@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
The decoding of unwind sections for machine type AArch64 is not currently supported.
Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 29 entries:
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Symbol table '.symtab' contains 132 entries:
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60: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS error_functions.c
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72: 0000000000002ce8 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 17 $d
73: 0000000000002ce8 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 17 __FRAME_END__
74: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS
75: 0000000000013ce0 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 18 __init_array_end
76: 0000000000013ce8 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT ABS _DYNAMIC
77: 0000000000013cd8 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 18 __init_array_start
78: 0000000000002a74 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 16 __GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR
79: 0000000000013fa8 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT ABS _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
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89: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND __cxa_finalize@@GLIBC_2.1
90: 0000000000000000 0 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT UND stderr@@GLIBC_2.17
91: 0000000000014448 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 23 _bss_end__
92: 0000000000001e08 200 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 errExit
93: 0000000000014440 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 _edata
94: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND snprintf@@GLIBC_2.17
95: 00000000000023ac 0 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 14 _fini
96: 0000000000014448 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 23 __bss_end__
97: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND open@@GLIBC_2.17
98: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_
99: 0000000000000000 0 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT UND stdout@@GLIBC_2.17
100: 0000000000001d00 264 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 errMsg
101: 0000000000014000 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 __data_start
102: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strerror@@GLIBC_2.17
103: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __stack_chk_fail@@GLIBC_2
104: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND close@@GLIBC_2.17
105: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __gmon_start__
106: 0000000000000000 0 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __stack_chk_guard@@GLIBC_
107: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND write@@GLIBC_2.17
108: 0000000000014008 0 OBJECT GLOBAL HIDDEN 22 __dso_handle
109: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND abort@@GLIBC_2.17
110: 00000000000023c0 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 15 _IO_stdin_used
111: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strcmp@@GLIBC_2.17
112: 0000000000001f98 192 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 errExitEN
113: 0000000000002328 124 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __libc_csu_init
114: 0000000000001ed0 200 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 err_exit
115: 0000000000014448 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 23 _end
116: 0000000000001860 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 _start
117: 0000000000002118 264 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 usageErr
118: 0000000000014448 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 23 __end__
119: 0000000000014440 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 23 __bss_start
120: 000000000000196c 436 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 main
121: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND fwrite@@GLIBC_2.17
122: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND fflush@@GLIBC_2.17
123: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND read@@GLIBC_2.17
124: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND vsnprintf@@GLIBC_2.17
125: 0000000000014440 0 OBJECT GLOBAL HIDDEN 22 __TMC_END__
126: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND _ITM_registerTMCloneTable
127: 0000000000002220 264 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 cmdLineErr
128: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND vfprintf@@GLIBC_2.17
129: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __errno_location@@GLIBC_2
130: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND getenv@@GLIBC_2.17
131: 0000000000002058 192 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 fatal
Version symbols section '.gnu.version' contains 29 entries:
Addr: 0x000000000000069e Offset: 0x00069e Link: 5 (.dynsym)
000: 0 (*local*) 0 (*local*) 0 (*local*) 2 (GLIBC_2.17)
004: 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 0 (*local*) 2 (GLIBC_2.17)
008: 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17)
00c: 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17)
010: 0 (*local*) 3 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17)
014: 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17)
018: 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 0 (*local*) 2 (GLIBC_2.17) 2 (GLIBC_2.17)
01c: 2 (GLIBC_2.17)
Version needs section '.gnu.version_r' contains 2 entries:
Addr: 0x00000000000006d8 Offset: 0x0006d8 Link: 6 (.dynstr)
000000: Version: 1 File: ld-linux-aarch64.so.1 Cnt: 1
0x0010: Name: GLIBC_2.17 Flags: none Version: 3
0x0020: Version: 1 File: libc.so.6 Cnt: 1
0x0030: Name: GLIBC_2.17 Flags: none Version: 2
Displaying notes found in: .note.gnu.build-id
Owner Data size Description
GNU 0x00000014 NT_GNU_BUILD_ID (unique build ID bitstring)
Build ID: 51bcc689f4ba29248156b278bd9d1137bfb2cdc1
Displaying notes found in: .note.ABI-tag
Owner Data size Description
GNU 0x00000010 NT_GNU_ABI_TAG (ABI version tag)
OS: Linux, ABI: 3.7.02. objdump
objdump -S copy분석결과
more Objdump_copy.txt
copy: file format elf64-littleaarch64
Disassembly of section .init:
00000000000016d8 <_init>:
16d8: a9bf7bfd stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]!
16dc: 910003fd mov x29, sp
16e0: 9400006e bl 1898 <call_weak_fn>
16e4: a8c17bfd ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16
16e8: d65f03c0 ret
Disassembly of section .plt:
00000000000016f0 <.plt>:
16f0: a9bf7bf0 stp x16, x30, [sp, #-16]!
16f4: d0000090 adrp x16, 13000 <__FRAME_END__+0x10318>
16f8: f9477e11 ldr x17, [x16, #3832]
16fc: 913be210 add x16, x16, #0xef8
1700: d61f0220 br x17
1704: d503201f nop
1708: d503201f nop
170c: d503201f nop
0000000000001710 <_exit@plt>:
1710: d0000090 adrp x16, 13000 <__FRAME_END__+0x10318>
1714: f9478211 ldr x17, [x16, #3840]
1718: 913c0210 add x16, x16, #0xf00
171c: d61f0220 br x17
0000000000001720 <fputs@plt>:
1720: d0000090 adrp x16, 13000 <__FRAME_END__+0x10318>
1724: f9478611 ldr x17, [x16, #3848]
1728: 913c2210 add x16, x16, #0xf08
172c: d61f0220 br x17
0000000000001730 <exit@plt>:
1730: d0000090 adrp x16, 13000 <__FRAME_END__+0x10318>
1734: f9478a11 ldr x17, [x16, #3856]
1738: 913c4210 add x16, x16, #0xf10
173c: d61f0220 br x17
0000000000001740 <__cxa_finalize@plt>:
1740: d0000090 adrp x16, 13000 <__FRAME_END__+0x10318>
1744: f9478e11 ldr x17, [x16, #3864]
1748: 913c6210 add x16, x16, #0xf18
174c: d61f0220 br x17
0000000000001750 <snprintf@plt>:
1750: d0000090 adrp x16, 13000 <__FRAME_END__+0x10318>
1754: f9479211 ldr x17, [x16, #3872]
1758: 913c8210 add x16, x16, #0xf20
175c: d61f0220 br x17
0000000000001760 <open@plt>:
1760: d0000090 adrp x16, 13000 <__FRAME_END__+0x10318>
1764: f9479611 ldr x17, [x16, #3880]
1768: 913ca210 add x16, x16, #0xf28
176c: d61f0220 br x17
--More--(4%)3.nm
nm copy분석결과
U abort@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000014448 B __bss_end__
0000000000014448 B _bss_end__
0000000000014440 B __bss_start
0000000000014440 B __bss_start__
0000000000001898 t call_weak_fn
U close@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000002220 T cmdLineErr
0000000000014440 b completed.9189
w __cxa_finalize@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000014000 D __data_start
0000000000014000 W data_start
00000000000018b0 t deregister_tm_clones
0000000000001920 t __do_global_dtors_aux
0000000000013ce0 d __do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry
0000000000014008 D __dso_handle
0000000000013ce8 a _DYNAMIC
0000000000014440 D _edata
0000000000014010 d ename
0000000000014448 B __end__
0000000000014448 B _end
0000000000001ed0 T err_exit
0000000000001e08 T errExit
0000000000001f98 T errExitEN
0000000000001d00 T errMsg
U __errno_location@@GLIBC_2.17
U _exit@@GLIBC_2.17
U exit@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000002058 T fatal
U fflush@@GLIBC_2.17
00000000000023ac T _fini
U fputs@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000001968 t frame_dummy
0000000000013cd8 d __frame_dummy_init_array_entry
0000000000002ce8 r __FRAME_END__
U fwrite@@GLIBC_2.17
U getenv@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000013fa8 a _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
w __gmon_start__
0000000000002a74 r __GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR
00000000000016d8 t _init
0000000000013ce0 d __init_array_end
0000000000013cd8 d __init_array_start
00000000000023c0 R _IO_stdin_used
w _ITM_deregisterTMCloneTable
w _ITM_registerTMCloneTable
00000000000023a8 T __libc_csu_fini
0000000000002328 T __libc_csu_init
U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.17
000000000000196c T main
U open@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000001b78 t outputError
U read@@GLIBC_2.17
00000000000018e0 t register_tm_clones
U snprintf@@GLIBC_2.17
U __stack_chk_fail@@GLIBC_2.17
U __stack_chk_guard@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000001860 T _start
U stderr@@GLIBC_2.17
U stdout@@GLIBC_2.17
U strcmp@@GLIBC_2.17
U strerror@@GLIBC_2.17
0000000000001b20 t terminate
0000000000014440 D __TMC_END__
0000000000002118 T usageErr
U vfprintf@@GLIBC_2.17
U vsnprintf@@GLIBC_2.17
U write@@GLIBC_2.174. TOY 프로젝트 Makefile 작성 실습
1. lab2_makefile 디렉토리 구조
2. Makefile 코드
TARGET = toy_system
SYSTEM = ./system
UI = ./ui
WEB_SERVER = ./web_server
INCLUDES = -I$(SYSTEM) -I$(UI) -I$(WEB_SERVER)
CC = gcc
objects = main.o system_server.o web_server.o input.o gui.o
.PHONY: clean
$(TARGET): $(objects)
$(CC) -o $(TARGET) $(objects)
main.o: main.c
$(CC) -g $(INCLUDES) -c main.c
system_server.o: $(SYSTEM)/system_server.h $(SYSTEM)/system_server.c
$(CC) -g $(INCLUDES) -c ./system/system_server.c
gui.o: $(UI)/gui.h $(UI)/gui.c
$(CC) -g $(INCLUDES) -c $(UI)/gui.c
input.o: $(UI)/input.h $(UI)/input.c
$(CC) -g $(INCLUDES) -c $(UI)/input.c
web_server.o: $(WEB_SERVER)/web_server.h $(WEB_SERVER)/web_server.c
$(CC) -g $(INCLUDES) -c $(WEB_SERVER)/web_server.c
clean:
rm -rf *.o
rm -rf $(TARGET)3. 실행 결과
Dev Ops, "Git, Linux, Docker, Kubernetes, ansible, " .