UDP(User Datagram Protocol) service(RFC 768)
- unreliable data transfer
- no flow control
- no congestion control
- ex) streaming media, teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony
엑세스 네트워크와 물리적 매체
종단 시스템을 종단 라우터에 어떻게 연결하는가?
가정 접속
point to point access
Dialup via modem
up to 56 Kbps direct access to router (often less)
Can’t surf and phone at same time: can’t be always on
digital subscriber line(DSL)
use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM
data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
24~52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
3.5~16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line
up to 1 Mbps upstream(today typically < 256 kbps)
up to 8 Mbps downstream(today typically < 1Mbps)
주파수분할 다중화(FDM) 이용
50kHz - 1MHz for downstream
4kHz - 50kHz for upstream
0kHz - 4kHz for ordinary telephone
VDSL(very high-data rate digital subscriber line)
FTTH(fiber to the home)
cable modems
HFC: hybrid fiber coax
Asymmetric
40Mbps ~ 1.2Gbps downstream transmission rate
30~100 Mbps upstream transmission rate
중요 특징: 공유 방송 매체
다운스트림과 업스트림 채널 모두 여러 사용자에 의해 공유
기관 접속(local area networks)
company/univ local area network(LAN) connects end system to edge router
mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches and routers